RAPID Datasets

This report covers all available RAPID datasets.

moc_transports.nc

Dataset Overview

Distribution Statement:

Data from RAPID MOC monitoring project are made freely available to the public. Continued funding of this project depends on us being able to justify the usefulness of the data to the Natural Environment Research Council. The project scientists would appreciate it if you would use the data DOI (see “citation”) and add the following acknowledgment (see “acknowledgment”) to any publications that use this data.

Citation:

Moat B.I.; Smeed D.A.; Rayner D.; Johns W.E.; Smith, R.; Volkov, D.; Elipot S.; Petit T.; Kajtar J.; Baringer M. O.; and Collins, J. (2026). Atlantic meridional overturning circulation observed by the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array-Western Boundary Time Series) array at 26N from 2004 to 2024 (v2024.1a), British Oceanographic Data Centre - Natural Environment Research Council, UK. doi: http://doi.org/10.5285/48d0bf43-0598-ceb2-e063-7086abc062f1

Acknowledgement:

Data from the RAPID MOC monitoring project are funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the National Science Foundation (NSF) with support from NOAA. They are freely available from www.rapid.ac.uk/.

Dataset Visualization

AMOC time series plot

Time series plot for MOC_TRANSPORTS dataset.

Dataset Statistics

  • Total Variables: 9

  • Total Coordinates: 1

  • Dataset Size: 1.11 MB

Coordinate Information

The following table shows information about the dataset coordinates in the standardised version, including coordinate name remapping from the original, if any:

Coordinate

Description

Units

Size

Min Value

Max Value

Missing %

time → TIME

Time

seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z

(14599,)

2004-04-02

2024-03-27

0.0%

Variable Information

The following table shows the mapping from original variable names to standardized names, along with key statistics for each variable.

Variable

Description

Units

Size

Min Value

Max Value

Missing %

moc_mar_hc10 → MOC

MOC_z: MOC strength

sverdrup

(14599,)

-4.35

32.34

0.1%

t_therm10 → TRANS_0_800

Transport (0-800m): Thermocline recirculation 0-800m

sverdrup

(14599,)

-28.85

-7.63

0.1%

t_ud10 → TRANS_1100_3000

Transport (1100-3000m): upper NADW 1100-3000m

sverdrup

(14599,)

-22.20

-0.38

0.1%

t_ld10 → TRANS_3000_5000

Transport (3000-5000m): lower NADW 3000-5000m

sverdrup

(14599,)

-14.41

7.14

0.1%

t_aiw10 → TRANS_800_1100

Transport (800-1100m): Intermediate water 800-1100m

sverdrup

(14599,)

-2.17

2.82

0.1%

t_ek10 → TRANS_EKMAN

Ekman: Ekman transport from wind stress

sverdrup

(14599,)

-13.00

18.29

0.1%

t_gs10 → TRANS_FC

Florida Current: Florida Current from cable measurements

sverdrup

(14599,)

21.01

39.65

0.1%

t_umo10 → TRANS_UMO

Upper mid-ocean: Upper Mid-Ocean transport

sverdrup

(14599,)

-28.24

-6.65

0.1%

t_bw10 → TRANS_below_5000

Transport (AABW): AABW > 5000m

sverdrup

(14599,)

-0.60

3.46

0.1%

Metadata (edits applied noted)

The following metadata describes this dataset:

moc_vertical.nc

Dataset Overview

Distribution Statement:

Data from RAPID MOC monitoring project are made freely available to the public. Continued funding of this project depends on us being able to justify the usefulness of the data to the Natural Environment Research Council. The project scientists would appreciate it if you would use the data DOI (see “citation”) and add the following acknowledgment (see “acknowledgment”) to any publications that use this data.

Citation:

Moat B.I.; Smeed D.A.; Rayner D.; Johns W.E.; Smith, R.; Volkov, D.; Elipot S.; Petit T.; Kajtar J.; Baringer M. O.; and Collins, J. (2026). Atlantic meridional overturning circulation observed by the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array-Western Boundary Time Series) array at 26N from 2004 to 2024 (v2024.1a), British Oceanographic Data Centre - Natural Environment Research Council, UK. doi: http://doi.org/10.5285/48d0bf43-0598-ceb2-e063-7086abc062f1

Acknowledgement:

Data from the RAPID MOC monitoring project are funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the National Science Foundation (NSF) with support from NOAA. They are freely available from www.rapid.ac.uk/.

Dataset Visualization

AMOC time series plot

Time series plot for MOC_VERTICAL dataset.

Dataset Statistics

  • Total Variables: 1

  • Total Coordinates: 2

  • Dataset Size: 34.31 MB

Coordinate Information

The following table shows information about the dataset coordinates in the standardised version, including coordinate name remapping from the original, if any:

Coordinate

Description

Units

Size

Min Value

Max Value

Missing %

depth → DEPTH

Depth: Depth below surface of the water

m

(307,)

0.00

5995.07

0.0%

time → TIME

Time

seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z

(14599,)

2004-04-02

2024-03-27

0.0%

Variable Information

The following table shows the mapping from original variable names to standardized names, along with key statistics for each variable.

Variable

Description

Units

Size

Min Value

Max Value

Missing %

stream_function_mar → PSI_Z

Streamfunction: Streamfunction across the Atlantic at 26.5°N

sverdrup

(307, 14599)

-17.34

37.79

0.0%

Metadata (edits applied noted)

The following metadata describes this dataset:

ts_gridded.nc

Dataset Overview

Distribution Statement:

Data from RAPID MOC monitoring project are made freely available to the public. Continued funding of this project depends on us being able to justify the usefulness of the data to the Natural Environment Research Council. The project scientists would appreciate it if you would use the data DOI (see “citation”) and add the following acknowledgment (see “acknowledgment”) to any publications that use this data.

Citation:

Moat B.I.; Smeed D.A.; Rayner D.; Johns W.E.; Smith, R.; Volkov, D.; Elipot S.; Petit T.; Kajtar J.; Baringer M. O.; and Collins, J. (2026). Atlantic meridional overturning circulation observed by the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array-Western Boundary Time Series) array at 26N from 2004 to 2024 (v2024.1a), British Oceanographic Data Centre - Natural Environment Research Council, UK. doi: http://doi.org/10.5285/48d0bf43-0598-ceb2-e063-7086abc062f1

Acknowledgement:

Data from the RAPID MOC monitoring project are funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the National Science Foundation (NSF) with support from NOAA. They are freely available from www.rapid.ac.uk/.

Dataset Visualization

AMOC time series plot

Time series plot for TS_GRIDDED dataset.

Dataset Statistics

  • Total Variables: 18

  • Total Coordinates: 2

  • Dataset Size: 485.29 MB

Coordinate Information

The following table shows information about the dataset coordinates in the standardised version, including coordinate name remapping from the original, if any:

Coordinate

Description

Units

Size

Min Value

Max Value

Missing %

pressure → PRESSURE

pressure

dbar

(242,)

0.00

4820.00

0.0%

time → TIME

Time

seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z

(14599,)

2004-04-02

2024-03-27

0.0%

Variable Information

The following table shows the mapping from original variable names to standardized names, along with key statistics for each variable.

Variable

Description

Units

Size

Min Value

Max Value

Missing %

SG_east → PSAL_EAST

Salinity east 26.99N/16.23W

1

(242, 14599)

34.89

36.96

0.8%

SG_east_flag → PSAL_EAST_FLAG

Salinity MAR west data FLAG

data flag

(242, 14599)

0.00

2.00

0.0%

SG_mareast → PSAL_MAREAST

Salinity MAR east 24.52N/41.21W

1

(242, 14599)

34.88

34.98

50.4%

SG_mareast_flag → PSAL_MAREAST_FLAG

Salinity MAR east data FLAG

data flag

(242, 14599)

0.00

2.00

0.0%

SG_marwest → PSAL_MARWEST

Salinity MAR west 24.52N/50.57W

1

(242, 14599)

34.86

37.78

0.8%

SG_marwest_flag → PSAL_MARWEST_FLAG

Salinity MAR east data FLAG

data flag

(242, 14599)

0.00

2.00

0.0%

SG_wb3 → PSAL_WB3

Salinity WB3 26.50N/76.50W

1

(242, 14599)

34.87

37.06

1.2%

SG_west → PSAL_WEST

Salinity 26.52N/76.74W

1

(242, 14599)

34.87

37.11

0.4%

SG_west_flag → PSAL_WEST_FLAG

Salinity east data FLAG

data flag

(242, 14599)

0.00

1.00

0.0%

TG_east → TEMP_EAST

Temperature east 26.99N/16.23W

degree_C

(242, 14599)

2.36

23.74

0.8%

TG_east_flag → TEMP_EAST_FLAG

Temperature MAR west data FLAG

data flag

(242, 14599)

0.00

2.00

0.0%

TG_mareast → TEMP_MAREAST

Temperature MAR east 24.52N/41.21W

degree_C

(242, 14599)

2.36

3.29

50.4%

TG_mareast_flag → TEMP_MAREAST_FLAG

Temperature MAR east data FLAG

data flag

(242, 14599)

0.00

2.00

0.0%

TG_marwest → TEMP_MARWEST

Temperature MAR west 24.52N/50.57W

degree_C

(242, 14599)

2.12

28.80

0.8%

TG_marwest_flag → TEMP_MARWEST_FLAG

Temperature MAR east data FLAG

data flag

(242, 14599)

0.00

2.00

0.0%

TG_wb3 → TEMP_WB3

Temperature WB3 26.50N/76.50W

degree_C

(242, 14599)

2.15

28.77

1.2%

TG_west → TEMP_WEST

Temperature 26.52N/76.74W

degree_C

(242, 14599)

2.16

29.23

0.4%

TG_west_flag → TEMP_WEST_FLAG

Temperature east data FLAG

data flag

(242, 14599)

0.00

1.00

0.0%

Metadata (edits applied noted)

The following metadata describes this dataset:

2d_gridded.nc

Dataset Overview

Distribution Statement:

Data from RAPID MOC monitoring project are made freely available to the public. Continued funding of this project depends on us being able to justify the usefulness of the data to the Natural Environment Research Council. The project scientists would appreciate it if you would use the data DOI (see “citation”) and add the following acknowledgment (see “acknowledgment”) to any publications that use this data.

Citation:

Moat B.I.; Smeed D.A.; Rayner D.; Johns W.E.; Smith, R.; Volkov, D.; Elipot S.; Petit T.; Kajtar J.; Baringer M. O.; and Collins, J. (2026). Atlantic meridional overturning circulation observed by the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array-Western Boundary Time Series) array at 26N from 2004 to 2024 (v2024.1a), British Oceanographic Data Centre - Natural Environment Research Council, UK. doi: http://doi.org/10.5285/48d0bf43-0598-ceb2-e063-7086abc062f1

Acknowledgement:

Data from the RAPID MOC monitoring project are funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the National Science Foundation (NSF) with support from NOAA. They are freely available from www.rapid.ac.uk/.

Dataset Visualization

AMOC time series plot

Time series plot for 2D_GRIDDED dataset.

Dataset Statistics

  • Total Variables: 7

  • Total Coordinates: 3

  • Dataset Size: 1737.79 MB

Coordinate Information

The following table shows information about the dataset coordinates in the standardised version, including coordinate name remapping from the original, if any:

Coordinate

Description

Units

Size

Min Value

Max Value

Missing %

depth → DEPTH

Depth: Depth below surface of the water

m

(307,)

0.00

5995.06

0.0%

longitude → LONGITUDE

Longitude: Longitude east (WGS84)

degree_east

(254,)

-79.50

-14.12

0.0%

time → TIME

Time: Time coordinate

seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z

(730,)

2004-04-06

2024-03-22

0.0%

Variable Information

The following table shows the mapping from original variable names to standardized names, along with key statistics for each variable.

Variable

Description

Units

Size

Min Value

Max Value

Missing %

area → AREA

Grid cell area: Area of each grid cell

m2

(254, 307)

0.00

1710169.15

0.0%

CT

Conservative temperature: Conservative temperature following TEOS-10 standard

degree_C

(730, 254, 307)

1.49

31.43

0.0%

pressure → PRESSURE

Pressure: Sea water pressure at depth

dbar

(307,)

0.00

6120.00

0.0%

SA

Salinity: Absolute salinity following TEOS-10 standard

g kg-1

(730, 254, 307)

35.02

37.95

0.0%

V_ekman → VCUR_EKMAN

Ekman velocity: Ekman transport velocity component

m s-1

(730, 254, 307)

-0.03

0.08

0.0%

V_insitu → VCUR_INSITU

Meridional velocity: In-situ meridional velocity component

m s-1

(730, 254, 307)

-1.16

1.61

0.0%

V_net → VCUR_NET

Net velocity: Net meridional velocity (in-situ + Ekman)

m s-1

(730,)

-0.00

-0.00

0.0%

Metadata (edits applied noted)

The following metadata describes this dataset:

  • Summary: RAPID 26N transport estimates dataset

  • Description*: RAPID 26N transport estimates dataset

  • Program*: RAPID

  • Project*: RAPID-AMOC 26°N array

  • License*: UK Open Government Licence v3.0 https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

  • Acknowledgment*: Data from the RAPID MOC monitoring project are funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the National Science Foundation (NSF) with support from NOAA. They are freely available from www.rapid.ac.uk/.

  • Doi*: https://doi.org/10.5285/48d0bf43-0598-ceb2-e063-7086abc062f1

  • Weblink*: https://rapid.ac.uk/rapidmoc

  • Distribution Statement*: Data from RAPID MOC monitoring project are made freely available to the public. Continued funding of this project depends on us being able to justify the usefulness of the data to the Natural Environment Research Council. The project scientists would appreciate it if you would use the data DOI (see “citation”) and add the following acknowledgment (see “acknowledgment”) to any publications that use this data.

  • Platform: mooring

  • Platform Vocabulary: https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L06/

  • Data Product*: RAPID 2D gridded data

  • Time Coverage Start: 2004-04-06

  • Time Coverage End: 2024-03-22

  • Contributing Institutions: National Oceanography Centre (Southampton)

  • Contributing Institutions Vocabulary: https://edmo.seadatanet.org/report/17

  • Contributing Institutions Role:

  • Conventions*: CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, OceanSITES-1.5

  • featureType*: timeSeriesProfile

  • featureType_vocabulary: https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/v1.6.0/cf-conventions.html#_features_and_feature_types

  • Source File*: 2d_gridded.nc

  • Source Path*: ~/.amocatlas_data/2d_gridded.nc

  • Date Created*: 17-Sep-2024

  • Date Modified: 2026-08-01T00:00:00Z

  • Processing Software: http://github.com/AMOCcommunity/amocatlas

  • Processing Version: v0.4.0

  • Processing Datasource*: rapid26n

  • Product Version*: 2024.1a

  • Applied Variable Mapping: [Complex metadata structure - 13 items]

  • Dataset Version: v2024-1a

  • Dataset Creation Date: 26-Jan-2026 14:06:26

  • File Creation Date: 2026-01-26

  • Note On Velocity: Velocity is separated into 3 components: V_insitu = Velocity derived from in-situ measurements and geostrophic balance, V_ekman = Ekman velocity derived from ERA5 reanalysis. The total transport from V_insitu and V_ekman is required to have zero net meridional transport. V_net is a spatially uniform velocity representing the net meridional transport derived from salt and mass conservation (McDonagh et al 2015) and is excluded from the calculation of the streamfunction. Note that the sizes of grid cells are not all equal, and velocity should be multiplied by area to obtain the transport in each cell. Longitude is the centre of the cells, except for values 2 and 3 which are the locations of moorings WB1 and WB2 and correspond with the eastern edge of the cells

meridional_transports.nc

Dataset Overview

Distribution Statement:

Data from RAPID MOC monitoring project are made freely available to the public. Continued funding of this project depends on us being able to justify the usefulness of the data to the Natural Environment Research Council. The project scientists would appreciate it if you would use the data DOI (see “citation”) and add the following acknowledgment (see “acknowledgment”) to any publications that use this data.

Citation:

Moat B.I.; Smeed D.A.; Rayner D.; Johns W.E.; Smith, R.; Volkov, D.; Elipot S.; Petit T.; Kajtar J.; Baringer M. O.; and Collins, J. (2026). Atlantic meridional overturning circulation observed by the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS (RAPID-Meridional Overturning Circulation and Heatflux Array-Western Boundary Time Series) array at 26N from 2004 to 2024 (v2024.1a), British Oceanographic Data Centre - Natural Environment Research Council, UK. doi: http://doi.org/10.5285/48d0bf43-0598-ceb2-e063-7086abc062f1

Acknowledgement:

Data from the RAPID MOC monitoring project are funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the National Science Foundation (NSF) with support from NOAA. They are freely available from www.rapid.ac.uk/.

Dataset Visualization

AMOC time series plot

Time series plot for MERIDIONAL_TRANSPORTS dataset.

Dataset Statistics

  • Total Variables: 9

  • Total Coordinates: 4

  • Dataset Size: 9.22 MB

Coordinate Information

The following table shows information about the dataset coordinates in the standardised version, including coordinate name remapping from the original, if any:

Coordinate

Description

Units

Size

Min Value

Max Value

Missing %

depth → DEPTH

Depth: Depth below surface of the water

m

(307,)

0.00

5995.06

0.0%

sigma0 → SIGMA0

Sigma0: Potential density anomaly to 1000 kg/m3, surface reference

kg m-3

(631,)

22.00

28.00

0.0%

sigma2 → SIGMA2

sigma2: Potential density anomaly referenced to 2000m (sigma-2), density anomaly to 1000 kg/m3

kg m-3

(708,)

30.00

37.15

0.0%

time → TIME

Time: Time coordinate

seconds since 1970-01-01T00:00:00Z

(730,)

2004-04-06

2024-03-22

0.0%

Variable Information

The following table shows the mapping from original variable names to standardized names, along with key statistics for each variable.

Variable

Description

Units

Size

Min Value

Max Value

Missing %

frwa_trans → MFT

northward ocean freshwater transport: Meridional freshwater transport

sverdrup

(730,)

-1.98

-0.48

0.0%

heat_trans → MHT

Meridional heat transport: Northward oceanic heat transport

PW

(730,)

-0.13

2.10

0.0%

amoc_depth → MOC

MOC_z: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation strength in depth coordinates

sverdrup

(730,)

-0.45

27.68

0.0%

amoc_sigma0 → MOC_SIGMA0

MOC_sigma0: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation strength in potential density (sigma0) coordinates

sverdrup

(730,)

7.23

28.95

0.0%

amoc_sigma2 → MOC_SIGMA2

MOC_sigma2: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation strength in potential density (sigma2) coordinates

sverdrup

(730,)

7.09

29.23

0.0%

pressure → PRESSURE

Pressure: Sea water pressure at depth

dbar

(307,)

0.00

6120.00

0.0%

stream_sigma0 → PSI_SIGMA0

Streamfunction: Meridional overturning streamfunction in potential density (sigma0) coordinates

sverdrup

(730, 631)

-10.98

28.95

0.0%

stream_sigma2 → PSI_SIGMA2

Streamfunction: Meridional overturning streamfunction in potential density (sigma2) coordinates

sverdrup

(730, 708)

-9.31

29.23

0.0%

stream_depth → PSI_Z

Streamfunction: Meridional overturning streamfunction in depth coordinates

sverdrup

(730, 307)

-8.89

27.68

0.0%

Metadata (edits applied noted)

The following metadata describes this dataset:

  • Summary: RAPID 26N transport estimates dataset

  • Description*: RAPID 26N transport estimates dataset

  • Program*: RAPID

  • Project*: RAPID-AMOC 26°N array

  • License*: UK Open Government Licence v3.0 https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

  • Acknowledgment*: Data from the RAPID MOC monitoring project are funded by the Natural Environment Research Council, the National Science Foundation (NSF) with support from NOAA. They are freely available from www.rapid.ac.uk/.

  • Doi*: https://doi.org/10.5285/48d0bf43-0598-ceb2-e063-7086abc062f1

  • Weblink*: https://rapid.ac.uk/rapidmoc

  • Distribution Statement*: Data from RAPID MOC monitoring project are made freely available to the public. Continued funding of this project depends on us being able to justify the usefulness of the data to the Natural Environment Research Council. The project scientists would appreciate it if you would use the data DOI (see “citation”) and add the following acknowledgment (see “acknowledgment”) to any publications that use this data.

  • Platform: mooring

  • Platform Vocabulary: https://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L06/

  • Data Product*: RAPID meridional transport data

  • Time Coverage Start: 2004-04-06

  • Time Coverage End: 2024-03-22

  • Contributing Institutions: National Oceanography Centre (Southampton)

  • Contributing Institutions Vocabulary: https://edmo.seadatanet.org/report/17

  • Contributing Institutions Role:

  • Conventions*: CF-1.8, ACDD-1.3, OceanSITES-1.5

  • featureType*: timeSeriesProfile

  • featureType_vocabulary: https://cfconventions.org/cf-conventions/v1.6.0/cf-conventions.html#_features_and_feature_types

  • Source File*: meridional_transports.nc

  • Source Path*: ~/.amocatlas_data/meridional_transports.nc

  • Date Created*: 17-Sep-2024

  • Date Modified: 2026-08-01T00:00:00Z

  • Processing Software: http://github.com/AMOCcommunity/amocatlas

  • Processing Version: v0.4.0

  • Processing Datasource*: rapid26n

  • Product Version*: 2024.1a

  • Applied Variable Mapping: [Complex metadata structure - 18 items]

  • Dataset Version: v2024-1a

  • Dataset Creation Date: 26-Jan-2026 14:06:26

  • File Creation Date: 2026-01-26